Difference Between Procedural and Object Oriented Programming.

Software development encompasses various methodologies, among which Procedural Programming and Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) stand as fundamental paradigms. Each approach offers unique ways to structure code and solve problems.

In this article, we will discuss the difference between Procedural and Object Oriented Programming. 

Procedural Programming.

Procedural Programming is a programming paradigm that revolves around a step-by-step approach to solving problems by executing procedures or routines. In this paradigm, the emphasis is on procedures or functions that manipulate data, sequentially performing specific tasks. Languages that use procedural programming are C, Pascal, FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL, and ALGOL.

Key Characteristics of Procedural Programming.

• It focuses on breaking a program into smaller, reusable functions or procedures.
• Procedural programming often utilizes global variables that can be accessed from anywhere in the program.
• Problem-solving follows a top-down methodology, where the main task is broken into smaller sub-tasks.
• Procedural programming code tends to be less reusable compared to Object-Oriented Programming.

Object-Oriented Programming.

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is programming that revolves around the concept of objects, which contain both data (attributes) and behaviors (methods). It organizes software design around real-world entities, allowing for these objects' creation, manipulation, and interaction to solve complex problems. Languages that use Object-oriented programming are C++, Java, C#, Python, Ruby, PHP, Swift, etc.

Key Characteristics of Object Oriented Programming.

• Objects are instances of classes, which serve as blueprints defining the structure and behavior of objects.
• In OOPs, encapsulation hides the internal state of an object and exposes only necessary functionalities through well-defined interfaces.
• In OOPs, we have an inheritance property that enables new classes to inherit attributes and behaviors from existing classes, promoting code reuse and hierarchy.

Procedural Programming Vs Object Oriented Programming.

Below are the key differences between Procedural and Object-oriented programming.

Procedural Programming	Object-Oriented Programming
Procedural Programming focuses on sequential execution via functions or procedures.	Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) focuses on objects and their interactions.
Procedural Programming follows a top-down approach to code execution.	Object-oriented follow bottom-up approach for code execution.
The program often relies on global data access.	The program uses encapsulation to restrict data access.
Less emphasis on code reusability.	Promotes code reusability through inheritance and abstraction.
Procedural Programming has no inherent concept of hierarchy.	Object-Oriented uses inheritance to create hierarchies and relationships.
Code may become more complex as program size grows.	OOP handles complexity better, suitable for larger and complex implementation details.
Example: C, COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC	Example: C++, Java, Python, C#, Ruby

Procedural programming revolves around functions sequentially manipulating data, while Object-Oriented Programming centers on objects containing both data and functions, promoting code reusability, modularity, and easier management of complexity. 

OOP's emphasis on encapsulation, inheritance, and abstraction makes it more suitable for larger and complex systems, whereas procedural programming is often used for simpler, smaller-scale tasks.

Difference Between Pseudocode and Algorithm.

In programming, Pseudocode and Algorithms play an important role in guiding the developers in planning and executing solutions. The basic difference between pseudocode and algorithm is that a Pseudocode is a human-readable, informal description of an algorithm, focusing on clarity and understanding, while an Algorithm comprises a precise, step-by-step set of instructions for solving a specific problem or task.

What is Pseudocode?

Pseudocode is a descriptive, high-level representation of an algorithm or program written in a manner that combines natural language and simple programming structures. It's not tied to any specific programming language's syntax and emphasizes logic and readability to outline the solution's approach.

Pseudocode Example:

Pseudocode for Finding Maximum Number:

1. Set a variable 'max' to the first element of the list.

2. For each element 'num' in the list:

    a. If 'num' is greater than 'max', update 'max' to 'num'.

3. Return 'max'.

What is an Algorithm?

An algorithm refers to a precise, finite set of instructions or a step-by-step procedure used to solve a specific problem or perform a task. It's a systematic approach that outlines a sequence of operations or actions designed to achieve a particular outcome, often written in a programming language or presented as a well-defined set of steps to solve a problem.

Algorithm Example:

1. Initialize 'max' with the value of the first element in the list.

2. Begin loop to traverse each 'num' in the list:

    a. Compare 'num' with 'max'.

    b. If 'num' is greater than 'max', update 'max' with the value of 'num'.

3. End loop.

4. Return the value stored in 'max'.

Difference Between Pseudocode and Algorithm.

Here we have explained the key differences between pseudocode and algorithm in tabular form.

Pseudocode	Algorithm
Informal, high-level representation of a solution, using a mixture of natural language and programming constructs.	A more formal, step-by-step set of instructions or rules designed to solve a specific problem or perform a particular task.
Emphasizes readability and understanding, making it closer to human language.	Focuses on clarity and precision, often using a programming language or specific notation.
Less specific and detailed, allowing flexibility in expressing a solution.	More specifically, providing detailed and precise steps to solve a problem.
Often uses common programming constructs without strict syntax rules.	Can use programming language constructs or specific notations depending on the context.
Primarily used as a tool for planning and communication during the design phase.	Provides a detailed, unambiguous description of the steps needed to solve a problem, suitable for implementation.
Allows for higher-level abstractions, focusing on the logic rather than precise syntax.	Requires a more detailed and concrete representation, often with a programming language's syntax in mind.

Conclusion.

Pseudocode and Algorithms both serve as essential tools in the programmer’s arsenal, offering distinct perspectives in the software development lifecycle. While Pseudocode aids in conceptualization and planning, Algorithms provide precise, executable instructions to solve a problem. Mastering both is integral for efficient problem-solving and programming proficiency.

Quick Response (QR) Code: Definition and Working of QR Code.

Quick Response Code which is popularly known as QR Code has become part of our daily life so quickly in just a couple of years. This technology is quite old but now we use it everywhere for various purposes like making online payments, getting product details from packages, sharing event tickets, and more. Let's learn more about QR codes and how they work.

What is a Quick Response (QR) Code?

A Quick Response (QR) code is a two-dimensional barcode that can store various data types, including text, URLs, contact information, and more. A scanning device such as a smartphone camera or dedicated barcode scanner is used to read the information stored in a QR code. 

It was first developed in 1994 by a Japanese company called Denso Wave, which is a subsidiary of Toyota. QR codes gained popularity due to their ability to store more information than traditional barcodes and their quick readability.

How does Quick Response (QR) Code Work?

QR, or Quick Response, codes are two-dimensional barcodes that store information in a matrix pattern of black squares on a white background. The process begins with data encoding, where the desired information, such as a URL or text, is translated into a matrix structure.

To generate a QR code, we use QR code generators, which can be standalone applications, features within mobile apps, or online tools. We input the data and configure settings like error correction levels and size, and the generator transforms this information into a distinctive black-and-white pattern.

We can print the generated QR code on paper, or we can display it on a digital screen or physical media. We position our scanning device to capture the QR code and the image undergoes processing to identify the black square pattern. 

The decoding software then interprets the QR code pattern as binary data. The binary data, representing the original information, is then converted back into its original form.

The final stage involves the action or display of the decoded information. The user may be directed to a website, presented with text, or prompted to perform a transaction, depending on the nature of the encoded data. 

Note: QR codes often integrate error correction mechanisms. These mechanisms enable the reconstruction of data even if parts of the code are damaged or obscured during the scanning process. This robustness is especially useful for maintaining functionality in less-than-ideal scanning conditions. (alert-passed)

Difference Between Quick Response Code and Barcode.

QR code is basically the advanced version of a barcode but still, there are many differences between them, and here we have listed a few.

QR Code	Barcode
Can store various types of data, including alphanumeric characters, binary data, and special characters.	Primarily encodes numeric or alphanumeric characters.
Higher data capacity, suitable for storing large amounts of information.	Limited data capacity, generally used for smaller sets of data.
2D (two-dimensional) matrix code that can store data both horizontally and vertically.	1D (one-dimensional) linear code with data encoded in parallel lines.
Versatile in terms of the types of data it can store, making it suitable for diverse applications.	Limited versatility, primarily used for simple identification purposes.
Built-in error correction capabilities, allowing for data recovery even if parts of the code are damaged	Generally lacks robust error correction features.
ISO standardized (ISO/IEC 18004), ensuring consistency and compatibility.	Multiple standards (such as UPC and EAN) depending on the type of barcode.

Types of Quick Response (QR) Codes.

There are various types of QR codes available in the market and each of them has their own feature and use case. These are:

• Micro QR Code: This is a smaller version of the standard QR code suitable for applications with limited space, such as small product labels and packaging.

• Frame QR Code: It has a distinct frame or border around the QR code and they are commonly used in marketing and advertisements, allowing for creative designs.

• Kanji QR Code: Kanji QR code is Optimized for encoding Kanji characters. It is commonly used in Japan for applications involving Kanji characters.

• Model 1 QR Code: Model 1 QR Code is characterized by a simple structure that comprises a single row for encoding data. It does not have the usual 2D matrix structure found in standard QR codes.

• IQR QR Code (SQRC): It has a unique square shape introduced by Denso Wave. Suitable for applications where a square QR code is preferred, offering increased data capacity.

Usage of Quick Response (QR) Code.

QR code has become an integral part of modern life offering a quick and convenient way to share information with a simple scan. Here we have listed some use cases of QR code.

• Mobile Payments: QR codes facilitate mobile payments, allowing users to make transactions by scanning a code generated by a payment app.

• Product Information: QR codes on product packaging can provide consumers with additional information, such as user manuals or promotional content.

• Marketing and Advertising: QR codes are used in marketing materials to direct users to websites, promotions, or multimedia content.

• Event Ticketing: QR codes on tickets streamline entry to events by allowing attendees to scan their tickets at checkpoints.

• Contactless Menus: In the hospitality industry, QR codes on tables provide diners with access to digital menus using their smartphones.

• Product Packaging: Manufacturers include QR codes on product packaging for easy access to user manuals, warranty information, or promotional content.

• Authentication and Security: QR codes are used for two-factor authentication. Apps generate dynamic QR codes for secure login processes.

QR codes continue to evolve, finding innovative applications across industries, making them an essential tool for information access and engagement in the digital age.

QR Code: FAQs.

Q1. What Information Can a QR Code Store?

Answer: QR codes can store a variety of data types, including website URLs, contact information (vCards), text, calendar events, Wi-Fi network credentials, and more.

Q2: Are QR Codes Secure?

Answer: QR codes themselves are not inherently secure or insecure. The security depends on the content they link to. Users should be cautious and avoid scanning QR codes from untrusted or suspicious sources.

Q3: Do QR Codes Expire?

Answer: QR codes themselves do not have an expiration date. However, the content they link to, such as a website or promotion, may have a time limit or expiration.

Related Article:

• How To Scan QR Code on Windows Laptop.

BIOS (Basic Input/Output System).

At the heart of every computer lies a silent conductor orchestrating the symphony of hardware and software - BIOS, or Basic Input/Output System. In the digital realm, BIOS serves as the gatekeeper, bridging the communication gap between a computer's hardware and operating system. Join us on a journey as we unravel the intricacies of BIOS, from its historical origins to its multifaceted functions and the critical role it plays in the security and customization of modern computing.

What is BIOS?

BIOS, which stands for Basic Input/Output System, is a fundamental software component embedded in the firmware of a computer's motherboard. It serves as the bridge between the computer's hardware and the operating system, facilitating the essential communication and initialization processes during the system's startup.

What is the Usage of BIOS in a Computer?

While often operating behind the scenes, the uses of BIOS are far-reaching and pivotal to the functioning of a computer. Its primary uses include:

Power-On Self-Test (POST): One of the key functions of the BIOS is to perform a Power-On Self-Test (POST) during the computer's startup. This diagnostic process checks the functionality of essential hardware components such as the processor, memory, and storage devices. If any issues are detected, the BIOS typically generates error messages or audible beeps to alert the user. (alert-success)

Initialization of Hardware Components: The BIOS takes charge of initializing various hardware components, ensuring they are in a functional state before the operating system takes control. This includes setting up parameters for the processor, memory, storage devices, and other essential peripherals. (alert-success)

Booting the Operating System: Once the hardware is initialized and verified through the POST, the BIOS locates the operating system on the computer's storage device and initiates the booting process. It hands over control to the operating system, allowing the user to interact with the computer's graphical user interface (GUI) or command-line interface. (alert-success)

Providing a Standardized Interface: The BIOS provides a standardized interface for the operating system to communicate with the hardware. This abstraction layer allows the operating system to interact with various hardware components without needing detailed knowledge of their specific configurations. (alert-success)

Configuration and Customization: Users can access the BIOS settings to configure and customize certain aspects of the computer's hardware. This includes settings related to the system clock, boot order, and peripheral devices. Advanced users may tweak these settings to optimize performance or troubleshoot issues. (alert-success)

Security Features: BIOS incorporates security features such as password protection and secure boot to safeguard the system from unauthorized access and potential security threats. Password protection ensures that only authorized users can access and modify the BIOS settings, while secure boot helps prevent the loading of unauthorized or malicious operating system components during startup. (alert-success)

Firmware Updates: The BIOS can be updated to address compatibility issues, enhance system stability, or add new features. Firmware updates are typically provided by the motherboard or computer manufacturer and may be necessary to support newer hardware or resolve identified issues. (alert-success)

Its role is foundational, ensuring a smooth transition from the moment a computer is powered on to the execution of the operating system and user applications. 

How Does BIOS Work?

When a computer is powered on, the BIOS initiates the Power-On Self-Test (POST), a diagnostic procedure that checks the functionality of critical hardware components such as the processor, memory, and storage devices. This is followed by the initialization of hardware components, where the BIOS sets up parameters for various peripherals to ensure their proper functioning. 

Once the hardware is verified, the BIOS locates the operating system on the storage device and initiates the boot process, transitioning control to the operating system. Acting as an abstraction layer, the BIOS provides a standardized interface for the operating system to interact with diverse hardware components. 

Users can access the BIOS settings to customize parameters such as system clock and boot order, offering a level of control over the hardware. Furthermore, the BIOS incorporates security features like password protection and secure boot to safeguard against unauthorized access and potential threats. Firmware updates, essential for maintaining compatibility and addressing issues, are also facilitated by the BIOS. 

Types of BIOS Available.

There are two main types of BIOS (Basic Input/Output System): Legacy BIOS and UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface). Each type serves as firmware that initializes the hardware and facilitates communication between the operating system and the computer's hardware.

1. Legacy BIOS: Legacy BIOS, also known as traditional BIOS or BIOS firmware, has been a standard for many years and was prevalent in older computer systems.  It operates in 16-bit real mode, has limitations in terms of storage capacity and boot time, and relies on the Master Boot Record (MBR) for booting.  

Award BIOS and Phoenix BIOS are examples of Legacy BIOS. They were commonly found in computers manufactured before the widespread adoption of UEFI.

2. UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface): UEFI is a more modern and sophisticated replacement for Legacy BIOS. It provides an improved and advanced interface between the operating system and the hardware. UEFI operates in 32-bit or 64-bit mode, supports larger storage capacities, offers faster boot times, and provides additional security features such as Secure Boot. 

American Megatrends Inc. (AMI) UEFI and InsydeH2O UEFI are examples of UEFI firmware. These are commonly found in newer computers and are the standard in modern systems.

It's important to note that UEFI has become the prevalent choice in contemporary computer systems due to its advanced features, improved performance, and enhanced security. The choice between Legacy BIOS and UEFI often depends on the age and specifications of the computer hardware.

How To Access BIOS?

Accessing the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is a crucial step for users who want to configure hardware settings or make changes to their computer's startup process. The exact method can vary depending on the computer's manufacturer and model, but here's a general guide:

STEP 1: Power on your computer or restart it if it's already running.

STEP 2: Pay attention to the screen during the initial startup phase. Most computers display a brief message indicating which key to press to enter the BIOS setup. Common keys include Esc, Del, F2, F10, or F12.

STEP 3: Once you've identified the correct key, press it immediately and repeatedly. You may need to do this during the entire startup process until the BIOS setup screen appears. Timing is crucial, so start pressing the key as soon as you power on or restart your computer.

STEP 4: Some systems may require a password to access the BIOS settings. If you've set a BIOS password, enter it when prompted.

STEP 5: Once you've successfully entered the BIOS setup, you can navigate through the menu using the arrow keys on your keyboard. Be cautious while making changes, as incorrect configurations can affect the system's stability.

STEP 6: After making the necessary changes, save and exit the BIOS. Follow on-screen instructions to save your changes (usually by selecting "Save & Exit" or a similar option). Confirm your action, and the computer will restart with the updated settings.

List of Tasks to Perform in BIOS:

• Change boot order
• Set system date and time
• Enable/disable hardware components
• Adjust CPU settings
• Configure RAM settings
• Manage storage devices
• Security settings (passwords, secure boot)
• Update BIOS firmware
• Monitor system temperatures and voltages
• Enable/disable virtualization
• Restore BIOS defaults
• View system information

It's important to note that the specific key and the process might differ based on the computer's manufacturer. If you're unsure which key to use or encounter difficulties, refer to your computer's manual or visit the manufacturer's website for detailed instructions. Additionally, some newer computers with UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) firmware may have a different process for accessing UEFI settings, so it's worth checking the documentation specific to your system.

BIOS Manufacturers.

Behind the scenes of every BIOS is a manufacturer dedicated to innovation. Industry leaders in BIOS manufacturing, such as AMI (American Megatrends Inc.), Phoenix Technologies, and Insyde Software, play a pivotal role in shaping the technological landscape. Their continuous efforts contribute to the refinement and advancement of BIOS technology, influencing the trajectory of computing worldwide.

History of BIOS.

The origins of BIOS can be traced back to the 1970s when computing was in its nascent stage. Initially developed as a means to connect hardware and software, BIOS has undergone significant transformations over the decades. From its humble beginnings to its current status as a cornerstone of modern computing, the historical journey of BIOS reflects the dynamic evolution of technology and its pivotal role in shaping the digital landscape.

Frequently Ask Questions.

Q: Is it possible to update the BIOS?

Answer: Yes, BIOS updates can be obtained from the motherboard or computer manufacturer's website. These updates may address compatibility issues, improve stability, or introduce new features.

Q: Can I set a password for BIOS security?

Answer: Yes, many BIOS versions allow users to set a password to restrict access to the BIOS settings, enhancing system security.

Q: What is a secure boot in the BIOS?

Answer: Secure boot is a BIOS feature that helps prevent the loading of unauthorized or malicious operating system components during the startup process, enhancing system security.

Q: How can I reset BIOS settings to default?

Answer: Most BIOS setups have an option to restore settings to default. This is useful if you encounter issues after making changes and need to revert to a stable configuration.

Q: What information can I view in the BIOS about my system?

Answer: The BIOS provides information about hardware components, including CPU model, installed RAM, storage devices, and motherboard details.

Q: Are there risks associated with modifying BIOS settings?

Answer: Yes, incorrect configurations in the BIOS can impact system stability. Users should exercise caution and refer to documentation or manufacturer guidelines when making changes.

Q: Can I overclock my CPU in the BIOS?

Answer: Yes, many BIOS versions allow users to overclock the CPU by adjusting settings such as clock speed, multiplier, and voltage. However, this should be done cautiously to avoid overheating or system instability.